45. Book Review in Relation to Col Anthony William Durnford and 1873 Bushman's Pass

 

December 6, 1879  The Examiner  Page 1579  A Book Review

 

“My Chief and I”   (Chapman & Hall)

A personal narrative, if the individuals, views, feelings, and doings of the author are  not unduly pressed forward, has always more interest than a mere objective record of adventures.  My Wylde is careful in his preface to disclaim all egotism, and throughout this volume, which he has filled with a lively account of the time he spent in Natal, he tells us, indeed, much about himself, but only because he was the assistant of the late Colonel Durnford, R.E,. who fell at Isandwlana with his face to the enemy.  The book, is, in fact, and episode of Colonel Durnford’s life, and would be valuable for this quality only, even were it not also a touching tribute the eminent qualities of the brave and good man who perished because “some one had blundered.”

The author, formerly in Colonel Durnford’s corps, got into some youthful scapes at Gibraltar, and had to leave the army.  His friends sent him to Natal as a forlorn hope; he arrived there in 1874, friendless, homeless, and almost penniless, a desperate man, not unlikely to fall into the lowest depths of colonial blackguardism. 

Almost the first man he met at Durban was his old chief, Colonel Durnford, who made him tell his whole story, and then gave him charge of a party of “rebels”, who were busy road-making at Pietermaritzburg.  These “rebels” belonged to the unfortunate Putini tribe, whom our Colonial authorities and Colonial troops had driven from their location, harried, plundered, and imprisoned for alleged complicity with Langalibalele.

If, after the evidence which Bishop Colensco brought to England and that supplied by Captain Lucas’s two books on South Africa, more were required to prove how utterly fictitious was Langalibalele’s “rebellion,” and how grossly unjust and barbarous was our treatment of the Putini, such proof is supplied by the book before us, much of which is filled with an account of Colonel Durnford’s exertions on behalf of those oppressed and ill-used people.

It was considered necessary to stop a number of the passes leading across the mountains from the north-west into Natal, in order to put an end to raids on both sides, and an expedition was sent for this purpose under Colonel Durnford’s command, Mr Wylde, after having given evidence of intelligence and industry elsewhere, acting as the chiefs assistant.  The expedition consisted of a hundred Putini, who had been trained to road-making during the  period of their imprisonment, and had become excellent pioneers, a few friendly Basutos, and a half a dozen British soldiers.

The work to be done in a mountain district in the winter months was arduous in the extreme, and its hardships are graphically described by the author.  We have repeated opportunities of admiring the extreme care which Colonel Durnford displayed, both for the rapid and perfect execution of the work, notwithstanding all difficulties, and for the welfare and health of the men of whom he had charge. He rapidly gained the confidence and love of the poor “rebels” whom the Colonial authorities, one and all, had agreed to treat as wild beasts.

The unreasoning terror which prevailed in the more remote parts of the Colony shows that most of the colonials are, like all bullies, co2wards as well as tyrants, and once more proves that none are so incapable of managing their own affairs as the white population of Natal.  The horrors committed by the volunteers (who, however, bolted like hares on more than one occasion before the Zulus) are here duly chronicled without any attempt at exaggeration; and if the author does sometimes give way to his indignation when he finds the mutilated remains of women and children who had been massacred by “British” forces, such expressions of feeling are not at all  too strong for the circumstances.

After this expedition Colonel Durnford obtained for the whole guiltless Putini tribe the permission to return to their district, but the order had been scarcely given when it was countermanded behind his back, and the treacherous Colonial authorities declared that they had never intended to release the whole Putini tribe, but only the ninety-eight men who had worked with Colonel Durnford.  Long and cruel delays followed, and it was several months before the gallant officer at last procured the complete amnesty which had been promised him for his protégés, an amnesty which was subsequently confirmed by Lo0rd Carnarvon’s order.  Even now full restitution has not yet been made for the 8000 head of cattle these poor people were robbed of by Government; and it seems doubtful whether, under the present Administration, entire justice will ever be done.

The difficulties of marching in Natal, and those attending commissariat and transport, are graphically described by Mr. Wylde.  Even so small a force as the one to which he was attached was frequently delayed by a wagon sinking in a “mudhole”, by awkward fords, and by impassable ravines.  The perseverance of its chief overcame all obstacles; but the unremitting attention to details and the incessant activity required to keep even this tiny detachment in proper marching and fighting condition, go far to show with what enormous difficulties our commanders had to contend during the late war.

It is touching to read, in the preface, Colonel Durnford’s reply to Mr Wylde, when the latter required his late chief’s permission to publish his manuscript. “My dear boy, publish your book when I am dead and gone, if you like, but not before.”  Sacrificed to the ineptitude of a General who has been rewarded with the thanks of his Queen, poor Durnford now lies where he fell in defence of an untenable position, buried in the “neck” of Isandwlana.  The miserable negligence and folly which lost his and so many other brave lives have been forgotten in the honours showered on the victors of Ulindi, and we have tacitly agreed to say no more about the heroes who cannot be recalled to life by punishing those to whom their death is owing.

“My Chief and I” is illustrated by two photographs – an excellent one of Colonel Durnford serving as frontispiece – and by several lithographs.  Sir Charles Whetham might object to some of the latter, representing as they do gentlemen and ladies of various Kaffit tribes in their native costume.  But we trust that, being concealed in this volume, they will escape even the piercing eye of the guardians of the morals of the rising generation. 

In conclusion, we may add that even for those not specially concerned with Colonial politice, the book is extremely interesting; written simply, but in good, plain English, without any attempt as “word-painting,” the very first pages gain the reader’s sympathy, and, when the last is reached, he parts from Mr Wylde with regret.

 

 

 

 

 

44. A Relationship with Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught and Col Arthur Durnford

A Relationship with Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught

For the Durnford children to be involved with the children of the Duke of Connaught, the son of Queen Victoria, there had to be a link.  

No doubt that link originated in the Corps of the Royal Engineers, where, in 1868, Prince Arthur was commissioned. Later they both were at Aldershot.

Prince, Arthur  first duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942), governor-general of Canada, army officer, and son of Queen Victoria, was born at Buckingham Palace, London, the third son and seventh of the nine children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, on 1 May 1850, the birthday of his godfather, the duke of Wellington, after whom he was named Arthur William Patrick Albert. His mother's favourite son, from his earliest years, Prince Arthur was destined for a career in the army. In 1858 his father mapped out a scheme for his education and appointed Captain Howard Elphinstone as his governor.

The young prince lived in an independent establishment with his governor at Ranger's House, Greenwich, and, on the death of the prince consort in 1861, Elphinstone took an increasingly paternal role in his charge's life. He was influential in leading the prince to acquire an interest in and appreciation of the arts and sciences, with the result that Arthur was more cultivated than either of his elder brothers, the prince of Wales and the duke of Edinburgh.

Prince Arthur's formal military training began on 11 February 1867 when he entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. In 1868 he was commissioned in the Royal Engineers and was subsequently posted to the various arms of the service to give him the broad qualification which might later be useful if, as was expected, he were to succeed the duke of Cambridge as commander-in-chief.

His first service abroad was from 1869 to 1870, in Canada with the rifle brigade. On 24 May 1874, he was created duke of Connaught and of Strathearn, and earl of Sussex, and was subsequently known by his first title. In 1876 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel and placed in command of the 1st battalion of the rifle brigade.

From 1880 to 1883, as a major-general, he commanded the infantry brigade at Aldershot. His promotion had been accelerated, but he was to show that it had not outstripped his competence. In 1882 he commanded the brigade of guards during the Egyptian campaign, which culminated in Wolseley's brilliant victory at Tell al-Kebir against Arabi Pasha's much larger, well-entrenched, and powerfully gunned army. Connaught's brigade was in the second line, but it, and he personally, came under fire during the engagement. He had succeeded in bringing his men to the right place at the right time after an adventurous night march in which much might have gone wrong. Wolseley declared that he had 'taken more care of his men and is more active in the discharge of his duties than any of the generals now with me'. Thus the duke acquitted himself well in battle and became the last British prince to command a significant formation in action.

During the pacification of Egypt, Connaught was governor of Cairo, but he had little taste for that work and was glad in 1883 to embark on service in India, first as a divisional commander and then, from 1886 until 1890, as commander-in-chief of the Bombay army. His area of responsibility extended from Bombay to Aden, but his wish to modernize the Indian armies and to reduce the social gap between the British and the Indian officers and troops was not encouraged by the duke of Cambridge nor, indeed, by almost anyone other than the queen.

While in India, he travelled extensively and strenuously throughout the subcontinent carrying out military inspections, and on diplomatic and imperial missions. His interests ranged from improving the efficiency of his forces to concern for the status of women in what he considered a primitive form of society.

In these roles, Connaught excelled and, both before and after he was in India, he discharged them in most quarters of the globe, including the United States, China, Japan, many of the British dominions and colonies, and most of the European countries. He was an excellent public speaker, a welcoming host, and an attentive guest, who found himself more or less at ease with the bey of Tunis, President Taft of the United States, the emperor of Japan, the emperor of Austria, and even Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, his nephew.

On 13 March 1879 Connaught had married Princess Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes of Prussia (1860–1917), the third daughter of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussiaand the great-niece of William I of Germany.

They had three children; the eldest, Margaret (1882–1920), married the crown prince of Sweden, and had four sons and a daughter; the only son, Arthur (1883–1938), was governor-general of South Africa; and the younger daughter abdicated her royal style in 1919 to become Lady Patricia Ramsay (1886–1974). The Connaughts' marriage was happy and enduring, notwithstanding the duke's affection for Léonie Leslie, the sister of Lady Randolph Churchill, which was shared by his wife.

In 1902 Connaught was promoted field marshal and in 1904 was selected to fill the new post of inspector-general of the forces. The declared purpose of this innovation (which arose from the so-called Esher army reforms), was to provide the newly created army council with eyes and ears; they would sit in their offices and committee rooms and the inspector-general would go out and report what was happening on the ground. Connaught travelled widely among the troops in the United Kingdom and those in the overseas garrisons and he reported as he found, mostly to the effect that the reforms were eyewash. This did not appeal to the army council, nor to the secretary of state for war, and it was decided that the duke, who was too prestigious to be sacked, should be exported.

He was, much against his own wish and only on the insistence of his brother, Edward VII, sent to Malta as commander-in-chief and high commissioner in the Mediterranean. Here he found himself, as he had predicted (and quoting his own description), no more than a fifth wheel on the coach; an impediment to, rather than an enhancement of, its efficiency. Much to the annoyance of the king and R. B. Haldane, the secretary of state for war, he resigned in 1909 and so ended his active military service.

Ironically, however, this change brought Connaught towards the summit of his useful career. Edward VII decided that the duke should be governor-general of Canada and to this proposal there was an enthusiastic response from both sides of the Atlantic. Connaught was sworn in as governor-general in Quebec on 13 October 1911. During the next five years, he travelled to every part of the dominion. There was some reserve in French Canada, but in most places he was well-received and he became much better known than any of his predecessors. He established an informal system for seeing the prime minister, Robert Borden, and the ministers of his Conservative government, which had just won a general election.

At first, he thought highly of them all, but he soon came to believe that his original impression of healthy enthusiasm and vigour in the minister for militia and defence, Sam Hughes, was more correctly interpreted as self-conceit inflated by an unbalanced mind. This raised very serious issues after the outbreak of war in 1914: with his own army experience, the duke inevitably had strong opinions on military matters, and, despite his constitutional position, he came into conflict with Hughes.

The latter insisted on the Canadian troops being equipped with the Canadian-made Ross rifle, and continued to do so after conclusive evidence had been assembled showing that the rifle often jammed after a few rounds when exposed to the conditions of the battlefield. He talked of raising vast Canadian armies of a million men, which Connaught believed would bleed the dominion white, and he turned a blind eye to the recruitment of Americans while the United States was still neutral, contrary to assurances given to the American president by the governor-general. Hughes was also in close accord with Colonel Wesley Allison, long suspected and eventually unmasked as one of the most disagreeable of a number of fraudulent arms profiteers. Thinking that Hughes was a danger to Canada, Connaught pressed Borden to drop him. Borden was probably of the same opinion, but it was not until after the duke had left Canada that he acted on it.

Connaught's attitude has been portrayed as an unconstitutional vendetta, but had he left Sam Hughes to himself, the governor-general would have been failing in his duty to advise, warn, and encourage. When he left Canada in October 1916, there were widespread expressions of regret, not the least from Borden himself.

After Canada, Connaught did not hold any public appointment, but he continued to fulfil public engagements, the most important of which took him in 1921 to India, where he opened the new chamber of princes, the central legislative assembly, and the council of state.

Connaught lived on until 1942, dividing his time between Clarence House in London and Bagshot Park, Surrey, which had been built for him between 1876 and 1879. From 1921 to 1934 he also maintained a villa, Les Bruyères, at St Jean Cap Ferrat, in France, where his garden was regularly opened to members of the navy visiting Villefranche.

The duke had received every order which it had been in the power of his mother to bestow, and had received further decorations from Edward VII and George V, and from many foreign powers. He presided over many organizations, including the Royal Society of Arts, the Boy Scouts' Association, and the united lodge of freemasons, and was colonel of three, and colonel-in-chief of nineteen, army regiments. His later years were saddened by the loss of his wife in 1917 and by the death of his elder daughter in 1920 and of his only son in 1938.

He died at the age of ninety-one on 16 January 1942 at Bagshot Park and was buried at Frogmore.      Oxford DNB   Noble Frankland

Despite the privileges of his rank, the Duke had a reputation as a straightforward, hard-working soldier, known for his concern for the welfare of his men, with no time for pettiness or insincerity. In 1879 Prince Arthur married Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia. He was succeeded very briefly by his grandson, after which his titles became extinct.

Photograph taken by Royal Engineers photographer during the Abyssinian Campaign in 1868-9.
Soldiers in service dress standing in lines in front of tents; officer on horse in front; rocky cliffs rise behind; viewed over grassy ground.

Provenance  From an album compiled and owned by Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught (1850-1942)

All the Durnford Family were invited to the wedding of HRH Princess Patricia to The Hon. Alexander Ramsay at Westminster Abbey in 1919

Victoria, Ethel and Gwen, and their brother Col Guy Durnford and his wife were invited to view the gifts.

Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942), was the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. 

He served as the Governor General of Canada, the tenth since Canadian Confederation and the only British prince to do so. In 1910 he was appointed Grand Prior of the Order of St John and held this position until 1939.

Arthur was educated by private tutors before entering the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich at the age of 16. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Army, where he served for some 40 years, seeing service in various parts of the British Empire. During this time he was also created a royal duke, becoming the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, as well as the Earl of Sussex. In 1911, he was appointed as Governor General of Canada, replacing the Earl Grey as viceroy. He occupied this post until he was succeeded by the Duke of Devonshire in 1916. He acted as the King's, and thus the Canadian Commander-in-Chief's, representative through the first years of the First World War.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, Arthur returned to the United Kingdom and there, as well as in India, performed various royal duties, while also again taking up military duties. Though he retired from public life in 1928, he continued to make his presence known in the army well into the Second World War, before his death in 1942. He was Queen Victoria's last surviving son.

It was at an early age that Arthur developed an interest in the army, and in 1866 he followed through on his military ambitions by enrolling at the Royal Military College at Woolwich, from where he graduated two years later and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers on 18 June 1868. The Prince transferred to the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 2 November 1868 and, on 2 August 1869, to the Rifle Brigade, his father's own regiment, after which he conducted a long and distinguished career as an army officer, including service in South Africa, Canada in 1869, Ireland, Egypt in 1882, and in India from 1886 to 1890.

Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes; later Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn; 25 July 1860 – 14 March 1917) was a German princess, and later a member of the British Royal Family, the wife of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. She also served as the Viceregal Consort of Canada, when her husband served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queens Margrethe II of Denmark and Anne-Marie of Greece are among her great-grandchildren.

The Duke and Duchess of Connaught with their children in 1893

 

 

Princess Patricia of Connaught (Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth; later Lady Patricia Ramsay;^[  17 March 1886 – 12 January 1974) was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Upon her marriage to Alexander Ramsay, she relinquished her title of a British princess and the style of Royal Highness

Prince Arthur of Connaught KG KT GCMG GCVO GCStJ CB PC (Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert; 13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938) was a British military officer and a grandson of Queen Victoria. He served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 20 November 1920 to 21 January 1924.

On 15 October 1913, Prince Arthur married his cousin Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (17 May 1891 – 26 February 1959) at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, London.

 

Princess Margaret of Connaught (Margaret Victoria Charlotte Augusta Norah; 15 January 1882 – 1 May 1920) was Crown Princess of Sweden and Duchess of Scania as the first wife of the future King Gustaf VI Adolf. She was the elder daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, third son of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and his wife Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.

Known in Sweden as Margareta, she died 30 years before her husband's accession to the throne of Sweden

 

OSBORNE HOUSE, Isle of Wight. Queen Victoria and family in the grounds of Osborne House, 1898. Photograph from the Ryde album.
Left to right:
Leopold of Battenberg, Princess Aribert of Anhalt, Duchess of York with Prince Edward and Princess Mary (on knee), Princess Margaret of Connaught Prince Alexander of Battenberg (on ground),
Duke of York with Prince Albert, Queen Victoria, Prince Arthur of Connaught, Duchess of Connaught, Princess Patricia of Connaught (on ground), Princess Henry of Battenberg, Princess Ena of Battenberg, Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, Prince Maurice of Battenberg

Copyright © Historic England Media ID 1126355 Date: 23rd July 2008 Source: Historic EnglandSource: English Heritage Images Credit: Historic England Photo Library

Royal visit during colonial times in 1881 by Prince George (later King George V) and Prince Albert during their three-year tour of the British Empire visiting the Americas, the Falkland Islands, South Africa, Australia, Fiji, the Far East, Singapore, Ceylon, Aden, Egypt, the Holy Land and Greece between 1879 and 1882. Photo taken at Government House. Brisbane

Victoria, and her daughters and the children of Prince Arthur and Princess Louise.  They played together as youngsters.

45 Lord Carnarvon - Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert

Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, KP, PC, DL, FRS, FSA (24 June 1831 – 29 June 1890), known as Lord Porchester from 1833 to 1849, was a British politician and a leading member of the Conservative Party. He was twice Secretary of State for the Colonies and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Born at Grosvenor Square, London, Carnarvon was the eldest son and heir of Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon (d.1849), by his wife Henrietta Anna Howard, a daughter of Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard, younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. The Hon. Auberon Herbert was his younger brother.

He was educated at Eton College. In 1849, aged 18, he succeeded his father in the earldom. He attended Christ Church, Oxford, where his nickname was "Twitters", apparently on account of his nervous tics and twitchy behaviour, and where in 1852 he obtained a first in literae humaniores.

Carnavon made his maiden speech on 31 January 1854, having been requested by Lord Aberdeen to move the address in reply to the Queen's Speech. He served under Lord Derby, as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1858 to 1859, aged twenty-six.

In 1863 he worked on penal reform. Under the influence of Joshua Jebb he saw the gaols,^[a] with a population including prisoners before any trial, as numerically more significant than the system of prisons for convicts. He was himself a magistrate, and campaigned for the conditions of confinement to be made less comfortable, with more severe regimes on labour and diet. He also wished to see a national system that was more uniform. In response, he was asked to run a House of Lords committee, which sat from February 1863. It drafted a report, and a Gaol Bill was brought in, during 1864; it was, however, lost amid opposition. The Prisons Act 1866, passed by parliament during 1865, saw Carnarvon's main ideas implemented, though with detailed amendments.

In 1866 Carnarvon was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies by Derby. In 1867 he introduced the British North America Act, which conferred self-government on Canada, and created a federation. Later that year, he resigned (along with Lord Cranborne and Jonathan Peel) in protest against Benjamin Disraeli's Reform Bill to enfranchise the working classes.

Returning to the office of the British colonial secretary in 1874, he submitted a set of proposals, the Carnarvon terms, to settle the dispute between British Columbia and Canada over the construction of the transcontinental railroad and the Vancouver Island railroad and train bridge. Vancouver Island had been promised a rail link as a condition for its entry into British North America confederation.

In the same year, he set in motion plans to impose a system of confederation on the various states of Southern Africa. The situation in southern Africa was complicated, not least in that several of its states were still independent and so required military conquest before being confederated. The confederation plan was also highly unpopular among ordinary southern Africans. The Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (by far the largest and most influential state in southern Africa) firmly rejected confederation under Britain, saying that it was not a model that was applicable to the diverse region, and that conflict would result from outside involvement in southern Africa at a time when state relations were particularly sensitive. The liberal Cape government also objected to the plan for ideological concerns; Its formal response, conveyed to London via Sir Henry Barkly, had been that any federation with the illiberal Boer republics would compromise the rights and franchise of the Cape's Black citizens, and was therefore unacceptable. Other regional governments refused even to discuss the idea. Overall, the opinion of the governments of the Cape and its neighbours was that "the proposals for confederation should emanate from the communities to be affected, and not be pressed upon them from outside."

Lord Carnarvon believed that the continued existence of independent African states posed an ever-present threat of a "general and simultaneous rising of Kaffirdom against white civilization".^[7] He thus decided to force the pace, "endeavouring to give South Africa not what it wanted, but what he considered it ought to want."

He sent administrators, such as Theophilus Shepstone and Bartle Frere, to southern Africa to implement his system of confederation. Shepstone invaded and annexed the Transvaal in 1877, while Bartle Frere, as the new High Commissioner, led imperial troops against the last independent Xhosa in the 9th Frontier War. Carnarvon then used the rising unrest to suspend the Natal constitution, while Bartle Frere overthrew the elected Cape government, and then moved to invade the independent Zulu Kingdom.

However the confederation scheme collapsed as predicted, leaving a trail of wars across Southern Africa. Humiliating defeats also followed at Isandlwana and Majuba Hill. Of the resultant wars, the disastrous invasion of Zululand ended in annexation, but the first Anglo-Boer War of 1880 had even more far-reaching consequences for the subcontinent. 

Francis Reginald Statham, editor of The Natal Witness in the 1870s, famously summed up the local reaction to Carnarvon's plan for the region:

“

He (Carnarvon) thought it no harm to adopt this machinery (Canadian Confederation System) just as it stood, even down to the numbering and arrangement of the sections and sub-sections, and present it to the astonished South Africans as a god to go before them. It was as if your tailor should say — "Here is a coat; I did not make it, but I stole it   ready-made out of a railway cloak-room, I don't know whether you want a coat or not; but you will be kind enough to put this on, and fit yourself to it. If it should happen to be too long in the sleeves, or ridiculously short in the back, I may be able to shift a button a few inches, and I am at least unalterably determined that my name shall be stamped on the loop you hang it up by.

”

The confederation idea was dropped when Carnarvon resigned in 1878, in opposition to Disraeli's policy on the Eastern Question, but the bitter conflicts caused by Carnarvon's policy continued, culminating eventually in the Anglo-Boer War and the ongoing divisions in South African society.

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 1885–6

On his party's return to power in 1885, Carnarvon became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. His short period of office, memorable only for a conflict on a question of personal veracity between himself and Charles Stewart Parnell, as to his negotiations with the latter in respect of Home Rule, was terminated by another premature resignation. He never returned to office.

Lord Carnarvon married twice:

·        Firstly in 1861 to Lady Evelyn Stanhope (1834–1875), a daughter of George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield and Anne Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, by whom he had one son and three daughters:

o   George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (1866–1923), eldest son and heir, the financial backer of the excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun;

o   Lady Winifred Herbert, eldest daughter, who married as her second husband Herbert Gardner, 1st Baron Burghclere and was the mother of Evelyn Gardner, who married the novelist Evelyn Waugh. Evelyn Gardner's marriage soon ended in divorce and, despite the opposition of the Herbert family, Waugh remarried to her half first cousin^[13] Laura Herbert, a daughter of Aubrey Herbert of Pixton, a son of the 4th Earl by his second wife.

o   Lady Margaret Herbert, who married George Herbert Duckworth, a notable civil servant and half-brother of the novelist Virginia Woolf and of the artist Vanessa Bell.

o   Lady Victoria Herbert.

Secondly, in 1878, he married his first cousin Elizabeth Catherine Howard (1857–1929), a daughter of Henry Howard of Greystoke Castle, near Penrith, Cumberland (brother of Henrietta Anna Molyneux-Howard (1804–1876), wife of Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon), a son of Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard, younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk.

Elizabeth Howard's brother was Esmé Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith.

By his second wife he had two further sons:

o   Hon. Aubrey Nigel Henry Molyneux Herbert (1880–1923), of Pixton Park in Somerset and of Teversal, in Nottinghamshire, soldier, diplomat, traveller, intelligence officer associated with Albanian independence and Conservative Member of Parliament for Yeovil. His daughter Laura Herbert was the second wife of Evelyn Waugh

.

o   Hon. Mervyn Robert Howard Molyneux Herbert (1882–1929), of Tetton, Kingston St Mary, Somerset, third son (second son by second wife), a diplomat and cricketer. Tetton was a former Acland property bequeathed to him by his father.

Lord Carnarvon died in June 1890, aged 59, at Portman Square in London. His second wife survived him by almost forty years and died in February 1929, aged 72.

 

Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW : 1843 - 1893), Thursday 3 July 1890, page 8

The Late Earl of Carnarvon.

The late Earl of Carnarvon, whose death was reported by cable on Monday, was the eldest son of Henry John George, the third earl (who was an accomplished scholar and poet), by Henrietta Anna, daughter of Lord Henry T. Molyneux Howard, born June 24, 1831, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated an a first-class in classics in 1852, and D.C.L. in 1859. Lord Carnarvon, who represented a younger house of the noble house of Pembroke, succeeded to the title during his minority. Soon after taking his seat in the House of Peers be made his maiden speech, on which he was highly complimented by Lord Derby, who, in 1859, nominated him High Steward of the University of Oxford. He was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord Derby's second Administration, 1858-9, and was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord Derby's third Administration, Jane, 1866. On Feb. 19,1867, be moved in the House of Lord, the second reading of the Bill for the Confederation of the British North American Provinces, which he truly described as one of the largest and most important measures that for many years it had been the duty of any Colonial Minister in England to submit to Parliament.

Shortly after this (March 2) his Lordship resigned the Colonial Secretaryship on account of a difference of opinion respecting Parliamentary reform. At the same time, General Peel, War Secretary, and Lord Cranbourne (now the Marquis of Salisbury), Secretary for India, tendered their resignations, which were accepted. Lord Carnarvon, in the speech he delivered in the House of Peers on the occasion, avowed that the new Reform Bill would make an entire transfer of political power in five-sixths of the boroughs, and expressed his belief that the Government were going too far in a democratic direction. On the formation of Mr. Disraeli's Cabinet in February, 1874, he was for the second time appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies.

He resigned his seat in the Cabinet January 24, 1878, in consequence of his disagreement from his colleagues as to the policy of ordering the British fleet to proceed to the Dardanelles. His Lordship considered this to be a departure from the policy of neutrality which the Government had pledged themselves to preserve as long as neither of the belligerents infringed certain conditions which her Majesty's Government itself had laid down. Lord Derby, Foreign Secretary, tendered his resignation at the same time, but consented to resume his post after the order respecting the fleet had been countermanded, and explanations had been made with his colleagues, Lord Carnarvon held the post of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from June, 1885, to January, 1886, under Lord Salisbury's first Administration.

He was the author of " The Archaeology of Berkshire," an address delivered to the Archaeological Association at Newbury, 1859; " Recollections of the Druses of the Lebanon, and Notes on their Religion, 1860, being notes of a visit to the East ;" and a preface and notes to a report on " The Prison Discipline," adopted at the Hampshire Quarter Sessions, January .4,1864.

He edited, in 1869, " Reminiscences of Athens and the Morea: Extracts from a Journal of Travels in Greece during 1839, by the late Earl of Carnarvon ; and in 1875, " The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries," by the late H. L. Mansell, Dean of St. Paul's, to which his Lordship wrote as a preface a sketch of the life, work, and character of the author.

He published, in 1879, a poetical translation of the " Agamemnon" of _Aeschylus. His latest work was a verse translation of the Odyssey. Lord Carnarvon was major in the Hampshire Yeomanry Cavalry, 1862-8; and was a deputy lieutenant and a magistrate for Hampshire, Constable of Carnarvon Castle, High Steward of Newbury, and Pro-Grand Master of the Freemasons of England, 1875; was president of the Society of Antiquaries from 1878 to 1885, and a Member of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, 1882.

He married, firstly, in 1861, Lady Evelyn Stanhope (who died in 1875) ; and secondly, December 81, 1878, Elizabeth Catherine, daughter of the late Mr. Henry Howard, of Greystoke Castle, Cumber-land.

Rather more than two years ago the deceased Earl visited Australia and New Zealand. While  in Sydney he delivered several speeches, which won for him considerable popularity. His presence in Sydney was hailed with much interest by the brethren of the Masonic craft, and the circumstance of the various Masonic constitutions having united under one Grand Lodge was in a, large measure due to the advice and influence of the Earl of Carnarvon.

Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1871 - 1912), Saturday 19 November 1887, page 1068

Lord Carnarvon.

Few of our recent visitors have really been better worth showing the colonies to than Lord Carnarvon, -who is now on a visit to Australia. Lord Rosebery, indeed, may be counted an exception, because he is one of the coming men ; and so also may Lord Aberdeen, who though not so strong a man, may, as one of Mr. Gladstone's old colleagues, be again an Imperial Minister. But Lord Carnarvon has been specifically Minister for the Colonies more than once ; and having helped to govern them, he is now learning by personal observation what the colonies he sought to control are like.

The control exercised by Downing street is at present slight, but it is not altogether reduced to a shadow. It has been less in Australia than it was in South Africa, but Lord Carnarvon has been a party to some despatches to our Governors which have been very important. It will be on the whole a better thing if politicians who mean to be Secretaries for the Colonies should visit us first, and acquire something more than a book knowledge of the Greater Britain that lies outside the limits of the United Kingdom. It would give them a very valuable experience, and release them from subjection to the permanent officers of the department, none of whom have been taught to consider it part of the training to know the colonies otherwise than through books and despatches.

We are so far detached from English party factions that we can, without any hypocrisy, receive a Conservative or a Liberal with equal cordiality, and give as genuine a welcome to Lord Carnarvon as to Lord Rosebery or Lord Aberdeen. The speeches which our new guest has made in Melbourne have all been such as to procure him a favourable reception ; they have been marked by good sense, and show an earnest desire to appreciate Australian development. He is quite sure of a cordial welcome to Sydney, and our Parliament have done wisely in arranging to give him a banquet.

Lord Carnarvon’s ADC – His first cousin

Esmé William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith GCB GCMG CVO PC (15 September 1863 – 1 August 1939) was a British diplomat. He served as British Ambassador to the United States between 1924 and 1930. He was one of Britain's most influential diplomats of the early part of the twentieth century. With a gift for languages and a skilled diplomat, Howard is described in his biography as an integral member of the small group of men who made and implemented British foreign policy between 1900 and 1930, a critical transitional period in Britain's history as a world power

He was educated at Harrow School. In 1885, he passed the Diplomatic Service examination, and was assistant private secretary to the Earl of Carnarvon as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland before being attached to the British Embassy in Rome. In 1888, he arrived in Berlin as the embassy's third secretary, and after retiring from the Diplomatic Service four years later, he was made assistant private secretary to the Earl of Kimberley, the Foreign Secretary at the time. Howard was a talented linguist who would spoke 10 languages and chose to retire from the diplomatic service in 1890 out of boredom. For the next 13 years, Howard lived a life of irregular employment, spending his time prospecting for gold in South Africa, working as a researcher for the social reformer Charles Booth, making two lengthy trips to Morocco, working as the private secretary to Lord Kimberley in 1894–1895, frequently visiting his sister at her estate in Italy and running unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1892 election.

Greatly concerned with social problems, Howard had developed in the 1890s his "Economic Credo" about "co-partnership" under which he envisioned the state, businesses and unions working together for the improvement of the working classes. Alongside his "Economic Credo", Howard believed in "Imperial Federation" under which Great Britain would be united in a federation that would take in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland, and South Africa. In 1897, Howard set up a rubber plantation in Tobago, which was partly intended to finance a "co-partnership" business in Britain and partly to demonstrate to the British working class how the British empire benefited them financially.

 Howard came from a cadet branch of one of the most famous Roman Catholic aristocratic families in England, but his grandfather had converted to the Church of England and Howard had been raised as an Anglican. In 1898, Howard converted to Roman Catholicism to marry the Countess Isabella Giustiniani-Bandini, who came from a "black" Italian aristocratic family who supported the Papacy in its refusal to recognize the Italian state, unlike the "white" aristocrats who supported the Italian crown against the Catholic Church. In 1903, following the failure of his rubber plantation together with a lack of public interest in his "Economic Credo" led to Howard rejoining the Diplomatic Service.

Having fought in the Second Boer War with the Imperial Yeomanry, Howard became Consul General for Crete in 1903, and three years later was sent to Washington as a counsellor at the embassy there. Esme Howard was married to Isabella Giovanna Teresa Gioachina Giustiniani-Bandini of Venice.

In 1906, the Liberals won the general election and Howard's old friend whom he had known since 1894, Sir Edward Grey became Foreign Secretary, which greatly benefited his career. In 1908, he was appointed in the same role to Vienna, and that same year became Consul General at Budapest. Three years later, Howard was made Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Confederation, and in 1913 he was transferred to Stockholm, where he spent the whole of the First World War. During World War I, Sweden leaned in a pro-German neutrality and Howard's time as the British minister in Stockholm was a difficult one with the Swedish leaders openly expressing their hopes for a German victory. In an attempt to counter-act the pro-German sympathies of the Swedish elite, Howard sought to broaden his social contacts in Sweden, meeting with journalists, union leaders, businessmen, academics, clergymen, soldiers, and any local anglophiles in order to explain to them the British viewpoint. In 1916, having already been appointed CMG and CVO ten years earlier, he was knighted as KCMG, becoming KCB three years later.

In 1919, Sir Esmé Howard was attached to the British delegation during the Paris Peace Conference, also being made British Civil Delegate on the International Commission to Poland. At the Paris Peace Conference, Howard was assigned to drafting sections of the Treaty of Versailles dealing with Poland. That same year, he was sent to Madrid as ambassador there, arriving in August 1919. Being appointed ambassador to Spain was a major step up in the Foreign Office, but Howard knew that Spanish issues were for the most part secondary to Lord Curzon, the Foreign Secretary. In Howard's first annual summary as an ambassador from Madrid, Howard wrote: "In the first survey of the situation which I wrote after my arrival in this country I drew attention to three dominant factors in the state of affairs then existing: the activities of the juntas, the labour unrest and the bankruptcy of parliamentary institutions. These elements were perhaps not so immediately threatening as they then seemed but they are still elements of mischief".

Howard reported that the Spanish economy which depended upon exports of raw materials was collapsing due to the fall in commodity prices, that the politicians were incapable of providing leadership and King Alfonso XIII was not behaving as a constitutional monarch with the king trying to rule by intriguing with various politicians and generals instead of reigning. Howard reported that for in 1920 that Spain had 1,060 strikes that year and predicated that 1921 seemed likely to surpass that record. Through Howard reported almost weekly bombings, assassinations and other "outrages" committed by extreme left-wing groups, in the main he blamed the confrontational relations between unions and businesses on the management, reporting that most Spanish corporations had little interest in compromise.

On 9 July 1920, the miners working for the British Rio Tinto company went on strike. Howard's dispatches to London stating that the attitude of Walter Browning, Rio Tinto's manager in Spain, was harming Britain's image in Spain, led to the Foreign Office discreetly pressuring the CEO of the Rio Tinto company, Lord Denbigh, to settle the strike. Much to Howard's satisfaction, the strike was ended in early 1921 with the Rio Tinto company giving wage increases to their Spanish miners. In a sort of goodwill tour, Howard visited the Basque country in November 1920 where he toured mines, shipyards and foundries owned by British companies in an attempt to improve the British image with the Basque working class.

In 1921, Howard had to play detective to find out the truth about reports about a major Spanish military disaster in the Rif mountains of Morocco. After two weeks of seeking the truth, Howard reported to London that the Spanish defeat at the Battle of the Annual had been "decisive" and warned that the "Disaster of the Annual" as the battle was known in Spain had plunged the country into a crisis. Howard reported that much fighting and huge expenditure of money that almost everything the Spanish had won in the Rif over the years had been lost in a matter of weeks and that the Spanish had been driven back in disorder to two coastal enclaves. Howard predicated that the "Disaster of the Annual" would lead to "the growth of a chauvinistic Pan-Islamic movement" in North Africa and that the French would intervene rather than see their own position threatened in Algeria and French Morocco.^[14] As the British did not wish for the French to control all of Morocco, Howard was ordered to see if it was possible if somehow the Spanish might rescue themselves from the war that they were losing in the Rif without the help of the French.

Howard wrote that in the aftermath of the "Disaster of the Annual", the Spanish people were obsessed with finding out who had sent General Manuel Fernández Silvestre into his ill-fated drive into the Rif and growing evidence was emerging that the King Alfonso had given the orders, predicating the future of the Spanish monarchy was at stake. Howard described Spain's colonial rule in Morocco as "a byword for cruelty, incompetence and corruption", but argued Britain had never let moral factors interfere "for the sake of larger and wider purposes of Policy", giving the example of British support for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century despite the mistreatment of Christians in the Balkans. 

Howard aruged that the main concern for Britain was preventing France from expanding its influence in Morocco, which meant that Britain should support Spain wholeheartedly in the Rif war.

In 1922, Howard suggested that to improve the image of Britain in Spain that several British intellectuals visit that country to give talks that might about the needed change in public relations and shortly afterwards, Hilaire Belloc visited Madrid to speak about Anglo-Spanish relations. To formalize these exchanges, Howard together with the Duke of Alba founded the English Committee in Spain, which arranged for university students in both countries to take exchange courses and for various British intellectuals to undertake lecture tours in Spain. In another initiative to improve Britain's image in Spain, Howard with the British-born Queen Victoria Eugenia established a relief fund for Spanish soldiers wounded in Morocco.^[  In the immediate post-war period, British decision-makers viewed France as too powerful and wanted a stronger Spain to check French power in the Mediterranean, and for this reason Howard welcomed the coup d'état of General Miguel Primo de Rivera in September 1923 as a force for order in Spain. Through Howard initially distrusted Primo de Rivera because of his stance on the Gibraltar issue, he quickly found from his discussions with Primo de Rivera that his main concern was winning the Rif war and he wanted British support for Spanish claims in Morocco against the French.

In 1924 Howard returned to Washington as ambassador. Puzzled at first by the provincial background and eccentric style of President Calvin Coolidge, Howard came to like and trust the president, realizing that he was conciliatory And eager to find solutions to mutual problems, such as the Liquor Treaty of 1924 which diminished friction over smuggling. Washington was greatly pleased when Britain ended its alliance with Japan. Both nations were pleased when in 1923 the wartime debt problem was compromised on satisfactory terms.

Appointed GCMG and GCB in 1923 and 1928 respectively, he was created, on his retirement in 1930, Baron Howard of Penrith, of Gowbarrow in the historic county of Cumberland. He died nine years later aged 75.

Born at Greystoke Castle, near Penrith, Cumberland, Howard was the youngest son of Henry Howard, son of Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard, younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. His mother was Charlotte Caroline Georgina, daughter of Henry Lawes Long and Catharine Long (daughter of Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford), while Henry Howard and Sir Stafford Howard were his elder brothers.

He married Lady Isabella Giustiniani-Bandini (daughter of Sigismondo Niccolo Venanzio Gaetano Francisco Giustiniani-Bandini, 8th Earl of Newburgh), of a branch of the Giustiniani by whom he had five sons. They included Francis Philip Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Penrith, Henry Anthony Camillo Howard and Hubert Howard.